Sociological Imagination Essay - 703 Words

Tierra Hodge Dr. Ngeo Boon Lin Intro to Sociology October 1, 2014 Sociological Imagination What is sociological imagination? According to C. Wright Mills sociological imagination is the ability to see how individual experiences are connected to the larger society. Sociological perspective enables one to grasp connection to history and biography. History is the background and biography is the individual’s specific experiences. C.Wright Mills came up with the idea that in order for one to understand their personal lives the need to look beyond personal experiences and look at larger political, social, and economic issues of others. â€Å"It is the capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote transformations to the most intimate†¦show more content†¦In the documentary Moore shows viewers how terrorists at a prison in Guantanamo Bay receive free government health care. From the experiences of 9/11 volunteers, I understand that the government appreciates their help towards the tragedy, but not enough to guarantee them health insurance. Another example of sociological imagination in Sicko was a woman name Adrian who had cervical cancer. Adrian was denied insurance for her treatments because health care insurance company said she was too young to be diagnosed with cervical cancer. Adrian eventually goes to Canada to receive medical treatment. Canada’s health care is affordable for their citizens. From Adrian’s treatment I understood the struggles some have to go through in order to receive certain medical treatments. The third example of sociological imagination within the documentary Sicko is that the citizens of France, Canada, and the Great Britain, etc. are expected to live longer than Americans. The average French person lives 3 years longer than an American. British people are also said to be healthier than Americans. In order for the American society to become better, we as Americans need to look at the medical treatment in other countries and see what we take for granted and maybe we could eventually be a better health insured country. Sicko was an eye opener. I actually had a talk with one of my friends that attend New Jersey City University, who majors inShow MoreRelatedSociological Imagination636 Words   |  3 Pagesproblems, family problems or an individual just may not be happy. Although, if this person uses their social imagination it may be a little easier for them to cope with their depression. Looking at their problems in a more general perspective helps them realize they are not alone and these are daily problems everyone faces. Sociologist C. Wright Mills quotes â€Å"The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the innerRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination And Me Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sociological Imagination and Me Charles Wright Mills was a writer, a researcher, a teacher, a scholar and a well known sociologist. He was the author of the 1959 book, The Sociological Imagination. This book was poorly received by the sociological community at first, but it is one of the most widely read sociological texts today. The Sociological Imagination and Mills’ other works have had an immense impact on sociology, as he influenced many other scholars and the â€Å"New Left† movement of theRead MoreC. Wright Millss Sociological Imagination1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe sociological imagination, a concept coined by C. Wright Mills, is defined as, â€Å"the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and wider society.† The sociological imagination is not an innate way of thinking, therefore its inverse is commonly referred to as the ordinary way of thinking. People who think ordinarily, do not make connections between what is happening in their own milieu and what is happenin g in the larger society they live within. The memoir of Michael Patrick MacDonaldRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills942 Words   |  4 PagesSociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills (1959) â€Å"enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (p.5) Mills in this book of The Sociological Imagination explains how society shapes the people. Mills wants people to be able to use sociological imagination to see things in a sociology point of view, so they can know the difference between personal troubles versus personal issuesRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills Essay1970 Words   |  8 Pagesmay not be within our control, and it takes a toll on our lives. As a person experiences something that is out of their control, it is related back to social forces; this is what the sociological imagination is. C. Wright Mills, author of â€Å"The Sociological Imagination†, explains how the sociological imagination plays a part in human development, and how certain social forces affecting the lives of those who are constantly facing hardships. He explains that the problems that we face as human beingsRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills1822 Words   |  8 PagesC. Wright Mills defines the sociological imagination as, â€Å"what they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves†. Mills also says that the sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. When I read Chapter One: The Promise from C. WrightRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills907 Words   |  4 Pageslimited to their day to day life and personal experiences that are directly related to them, they cannot see the bigger picture. They do not yet know that the sociological imagination can set them free from this trap and as C. Wright Mills said, In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in many ways a magnificent one.. The sociological imagination is truly an incredible thing. Most people go through life indeed feeling trapped by the personal troubles that plague their lives and some never even considerRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination As Described By C. Wright Mills930 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological imagination as described by C. Wright Mills is â€Å"the ability to understand the intersection between biography and history or interplay of self and the world.† (13) Mills also describes the sociological imagination by saying, â€Å"we have come to know every individual lives, from one generation to the next, in some society; that he lives out a biography, and that he lives out within some historical sequence. By the fact of his living he contributes, however minutely, to the shaping ofRead MoreSociological Imagination Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1138 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout our lives we encounter numerous personal troubles, no matter big ones or trivial ones. H owever, one may seldom relate their problems in a sociological level rather often try to ascribe the blame to their personal wrongs. In this essay I would introduce the topic of sociological imagination coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills, describing how personal matters have all sorts of interwoven relationships with social issues. It is also important to realize that there are distinctions betweenRead MoreSociological Imagination And How Events Affect A Generation s Way Of Thinking1476 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Imagination The sociological imagination is an empathetic approach to understanding an individual by examining their biography (this includes all life experiences and upbringing) as well as the historical events that took place during their lifetime. (Basirico) It was developed by C. Right Mills. Sociological imagination explores how events in history affect a generation s way of thinking. It also takes into perspective the personal biography of an individual that exploits the interworking

Drunk Drivers Essay - 1097 Words

Driving a vehicle is a huge responsibility, and can be dangerous for anyone who is careless on the road. That danger increases as drivers attempt to drive either intoxicated or drunk. Blood alcohol concentration, also known as BAC, is the amount of alcohol in the blood of one’s system, and is used as a measure of degree of intoxication in an individual (answers.com). In the United States it is illegal per se, to drive with a BAC of .08 for all drivers who are 21 and older (nhtsa.gov). As the blood alcohol concentration increases, the risk of car accidents, highway injuries, and vehicular deaths also increase. Drunk drivers should be imprisoned on the first offense, if so many lives will be saved. Having the accused imprisoned on the first†¦show more content†¦That accounted for 32 percent of total traffic fatalities for the year (alcoholalert.com). Similarly, a lot less people would get hurt. Apparently, one in three people will be involved in an alcohol-related crash in their lifetime (madd.org). Every minute, one person is injured from an alcohol-related crash (madd.org). Another benefit is that there will also be fewer property damages. Drunk drivers caused over $1.2 billion in property damage in 2002 (alcoholalert.com). All these statistics will decline as soon as drunk drivers are imprisoned on the first offense. Imprisoning drunk drivers on the first offense will put an end to habitual offenders as well. The accused will not have a second chance to make the same mistake again. Many of the cases of drunk driving are repeat offenders who received warnings, fines, or points on their licenses that drove up their auto insurance rates and other monetary fines but rarely anything that made them stop driving drunk. An average drunk driver has driven drunk 80 times before first arrest (madd.org). It is well known that most accidents caused by DUI drivers have driven drunk many previous times before getting into an accident. These people should not get a second chance to drive on the road again and should be immediately put in jail. Another factor is that it will prevent teens and young adult to become future alcoholics. One in fiveShow MoreRelatedDrunk Driver And Drunk Drivers923 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2013, 10,076 people died because of drunk drivers. One every 52 minutes. 290,000 were injured because of the accidents (MADD). In 2012, 3,328 people died because of car crashes due to the fact that drivers were on their phones. 421,000 were injured (Texting and Driving Statistics). Driving is not an easy task so you should always be attentive to what you’re doing. A big difference between both is being sober and being drunk. Someone that’s drunk isn’t fully aware of what’s going on. Someone whoRead MoreDrunk Drivers And Drunk Driving946 Words   |  4 PagesWhile I have never personally been involved in a crash caused by drunk driving, as a firefighter I have approached the aftermath of many. The worst drunk driving accident I have witnessed was a car that had rolled three times. The guy flew out the front window, leaving deep cuts all over his head. Because he was intoxicated, he tried to get up and move around, oblivious to his injuries or pain. He didn’t even realize he had gotten into an accident. As I watched the scene unfold, it made me angryRead MoreDrunk Driving And Drunk Drivers2145 Words   |  9 Pageskilled in drunk driving incidents. Out of those people, 65% (6,515) were drivers, 27% (2,724) were passengers, and 8% (837) were non-passengers (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). Over half of those fatalities (67.1%) involved blood alcohol levels over .15% (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). The legal blood-alcohol content is .08%. Drunk dr iving caused 31% of deaths in car crashes in 2013 (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). In 2012, 402 people were killed by alcohol impairment in North Carolina (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†)Read MoreDrunk Drivers Should Not Be Banned1279 Words   |  6 PagesSince there is a large amount of drunk driving accidents almost every year there are drunk drivers getting away and not having any harsh consequences.Drunk driving has killed over hundreds of citizens due to the mistakes by over intoxicated drivers. States all across the country have lowered the blood alcohol limit to keep drunk drivers off the road from hitting a pedestrian. Some citizens believe that drunk drivers should not be punished more harshly due to be over intoxicated while driving. IfRead MoreEssay about Drunk Drivers Should Be Imprisoned on the First Offense758 Words   |  4 PagesDrunk Drivers Should Be Imprisoned On The First Offense Drunk Drivers accounted for 32% of all traffic fatalities last year, which amounts to someone being killed every 45 minutes by a drunk driver. The penalties for most states is just temporary suspension of driver’s licenses for up to 1 year, and to only pay associated fines accessed by the court. Usually, drunken driving offenders are back on the road driving within a year, and with the assistance of a good attorney with weeks. AlthoughRead MoreDrunk Drivers Should Be Imprisoned in the 1st Offence1086 Words   |  5 PagesDRUNK DRIVERS SHOULD BE IMPIRSONED ON THE FIRST OFFENCE Drunk driving is the criminal offence of driving with a blood alcohol content (BAC) level higher than the local legal limit. The blood alcohol content (BAC) drink driving limit in Malaysia is 0.05%. Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is dangerous and drivers with high blood content or concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths. There are a number of possible preventionRead MoreCase Analysis : Cab Aggregators1290 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen incidence of Molestation, rash driving and rape that has shaken the faith of frequent passengers of the aggregators. The Shiv Kumar Yadav case Uber driver Shiv Kumar Yadav was arrested as he allegedly raped a passenger in Gurgaon. The driver fled to Mathura after the incident and turned off his phone and discarded his sim. The convicted driver admits that he baited woman late in the nights near Gurgaon malls and later drives the passenger into a secluded area and assaults the victim. He also keptRead MoreA Day in the Life: The Decision that Changed Everything749 Words   |  3 PagesI was a new driver and I didn’t really know my way around I asked my boyfriend to drive. He said he was too drunk and decided that his friend should drive. This was the mistake I made. About twenty minutes later we were headed down a rural highway. It was dark and so foggy that you can barely see the lines on the road. The driver seemed to be doing alright considering that we were lost. That was until my friend’s boyfriend started being a jerk. Name calling and swearing at the driver for gettingRead MoreTake Home Assignment : Law, Business And Society1307 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication convenient as the fares and the driver details are clearly mentioned. The estimated time of arrival helps to plan ahead of time and the cab reaches at one’s doorstep on the mentioned time. Features like Ola auto and Ola share of Ola, have catered to the needs of the mass market and the cab aggregators now enjoy a significant market share. However, the dark side of this system has slowly come into limelight. Shiv Kumar Yadav, an Uber driver was arrested for allegedly assaulting a womanRead MoreSummary Of All Sound Dies 1728 Words   |  7 Pageswife, Mika is sitting to my right. She’s just begging someone, anyone to spark a conversation. The driver is probably exhausted from yuppie businessmen who insist on a better route and have the indecency to yell their business lingo into their phones. I know that feeling. My publisher is giving me grief for not having any good ideas. I’ve created a town, but not much else. That I’m aware of. The driver looks a tad too young for this job. His hair is dark, his skin is tanned, and judging by a several

Georgia State University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Georgia State University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 71%. Located on an urban campus in Atlanta, Georgia, GSU is part of the University System of Georgia. Undergraduate students can choose from over 100 fields of study with business and the social sciences among the most popular. In athletics, the Georgia State University Panthers compete in the NCAA Division I  Sun Belt Conference. Considering applying to Georgia State University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Georgia State University had an acceptance rate of 71%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 71 students were admitted, making GSUs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 16,348 Percent Admitted 71% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 43% SAT Scores and Requirements Georgia State University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 81% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 540 630 Math 520 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Georgia States admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to GSU scored between 540 and 630, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 630. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 520 and 620, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1250 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Georgia State University. Requirements Georgia State requires the SAT writing section. Note that GSU does not superscore SAT results; your highest composite SAT score will be considered. ACT Scores and Requirements Georgia State requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 40% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 20 26 Math 19 26 Composite 21 26 This admissions data tells us that most of GSUs admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Georgia State received a composite ACT score between 21 and 26, while 25% scored above 26 and 25% score below 21. Requirements Note that Georgia State University does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Georgia State requires the ACT writing section. GPA In 2019, the middle 50% of Georgia State Universitys incoming class had high school GPAs between 3.3 and 3.8. 25% had a GPA above 3.8, and 25% had a GPA below 3.3. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Georgia State University have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Georgia State University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Georgia State University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Georgia State University is a somewhat selective public university where fewer than three-quarters of applicants are accepted. Admissions are based primarily on your GPA in GSUs required high school curriculum and your SAT or ACT scores. The admissions office will be looking for high grades in a  rigorous course schedule that includes four years of English, math, and natural science; three years of social science; and two years of the same foreign language. Students may submit an optional letter of recommendation to strengthen their GSU application. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. The majority of admitted students had high school GPAs of 3.0 or higher, SAT scores (ERWM) of 950 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 18  or better. Georgia State calculates GPA using core college preparatory courses in English, math, science, social science, and foreign language. If You Like Georgia State, You May Also Like These Schools Spelman CollegeEmory UniversityFlorida State UniversityHoward UniversityUniversity of MiamiAuburn University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Georgia State University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Business Law Grocery Paper - 2000 Words

Grocery, Inc. Located in Any State, U.S.A Grocery, Inc. is a retail grocery store with locations all over the United States of America (U.S.A.). Tom Green and Jeff fresh work for the store located in My Town, U.S.A. Tom is the produce manager and Jeff, 17 years old, is working for Tom in the produce department. The first scenario is the contract between Grocery, Inc. and Masterpiece Construction for the renovation of the store located on Main Street in My Town, U.S.A. The second scenario is an underage contract between Jeff and Smooth Sales Used Cars. The third scenario is a breach of contract and/or promissory estopple between Tom Green and Harry. The fourth scenario is regarding an e-commerce contract between George and Grocery, Inc.†¦show more content†¦Attorney John Roska’s column in Saint Louis Post-dispatch answers questions to a similar situation, the article states that a minor can cancel a contract at anytime for any reason as long as the minor informs the ot her party about canceling the contract and returns the car. After the minor returns the car, the other party must return the money received for the car since the car has been returned (Roska, 2007). Smooth could sue Jeff Fresh for fraud because Jeff did not inform Smooth of his age though it would not make it far in the courts due to a minor does not have a full understanding of contracts which is why the contract would be unenforceable. Smooth may be fined for not taking the necessary steps in checking age and not gaining the permission of the minor’s parents, or placing the contract in the parents’ names. Some legal and equitable remedies that may be used are compensatory damages, liquidated damages, and special performance. Compensatory damages are when the party whom the breach happened to gets compensated for the remainder of the contract as if the contract would have played out though the contract was never enforceable due to Jeff being a minor. If Smooth had written action which may happen if the contract was breached is considered liquated damages, Smooth may try to get Jeff’s parents to pay the remainder of the balance. Special performance means the person whomShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Woolworths And Coles Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesHI5003S_T3_2016 - ECONOMICS FOR BUSINESS (HI5003S_T3_2016) Individual Assignment Self Check Link Shyam Rasiklal PATEL on Wed, Nov 23 2016, 9:21 PM 67% highest match Submission ID: e73a5c84-e084-428d-bdb8-c93beafd0672 †¢ Supermarket duopoly Final.docx Word Count: 1,208 Attachment ID: 144300849 67% Citations (6/6) 1. 1Another student s paper 2. 2Another student s paper 3. 3ProQuest Document 4. 4Another student s paper 5. 5Another student s paper 6. 6Another student s paper Supermarket duopoly andRead MoreFundamentals Of Macroeconomics Paper On Macroeconomics1272 Words   |  6 Pages Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Macroeconomics is a study in which reflects the economy as a whole and the levels of total output, which is also referred to as national income. National income measures the value of an output produced in an economy over a period of time. In this paper gross will attempt to describe the economics related word terms such as gross domestic product (GDP), real GDP, nominal GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate and interest rate in laymen. Also will describeRead MoreThe Swot Analysis Of Waitrose1530 Words   |  7 Pages The PESTEL Analysis of Waitrose Name Institution â€Æ' Waitrose is a chain of super-markets in United Kingdom focused on the grocery business. The organization as of 2010 had 228 retail branches only in UK making it the 6th largest retailer with a market share of 4.3% in UK (Corporate Watch, 2012). The grocery business is a major contributor to the food industry and forms the core of the retailing venture attracting many market players in UK such as Tesco, Iceland, Somerfield, Sainsbury’sRead MoreGrocery Inc.1309 Words   |  6 Pages Grocery, Inc. Paper It has been known for major companies to be in the light of the court for breach of contract. Depending on the stipulation of the contract most companies end up losing, but it is solely based on what the contract states. For example, in the matter of Grocery v. Masterpiece, (Specific performance, 2008) as a general rule, equity will not order acts that it cannot supervise. In many instances, specific performance is denied where courts would be unduly burdened with the taskRead MoreWal Mart Integrated Inventory Management Systems1420 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch more accurate and faster than if employees were to take inventory. The service that our product provides is to take this current technology and to implement it at a grocery stores as well as retail in the long run. This would be a new type of shopping experience where customers would have to register their credit cards at a grocery store of their choice. 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The Lively Earth Important Features Make the Earth Unique Free Essays

string(90) " Venus from the sun is 3/4 and 4/5 of the Earth, Venus has an atmosphere \(Adams, 1934\)\." EASC 2112 Earth System The lively Earth: important features make the Earth unique Name: Leung Ho Nam, Banson UID: 2011712579 Introduction: The Earth is one of the eight planets in the solar system. The planet Earth is emphasized as â€Å"the rare Earth† in numerous literatures because of its unique physical conditions and the complicated interactions among all biotic and abiotic systems. Isotope dating indicates the earth was formed approximately from 4. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique or any similar topic only for you Order Now 53 to 4. 568 Ga, according to isotope used (Allegre et. al. , 1995). Despite the precise formation time of the Earth, there is no exact planet formation model that is generally accepted except the minimum mass solar nebula model, MMSN (Canup, 2008). The MMSN model suggested the planetary accretion of the Earth and other terrestrial planets begins with a disc of hydrogen abundant gas and dust, circulating around the sun. Following by a series of collision, small particles combine and collapse repeatedly. The runaway growth slows down until reaching a certain mass (Canup, 2008). The formation process is crucial to the evolution of the Earth because it determines the source of materials which the Earth contains. The formation of the Earth, indeed, is not specific enough to comprise â€Å"the rare Earth† because all solar planets were grown within a circumsolar disc of gas and dust suggested by Canuo (2008). When we look at the solar system from the outer space, the Earth is probably the only shiny blue planet because of water surface reflection. 70 percent of the Earth surface is covered by the ocean. There is approximately 1. 4 billion km2 of liquid water by mass on Earth (Oak amp; Kanae, 2006). The existence of permanent liquid water responsible to create a mild temperature and a stable environment. Liquid water is an important element implicates the emergence and evolution of life on Earth after a few million years from the latest collision (Baross amp; Hoffman, 1985). The distinct blue colour of the ocean and the green colour of the terrestrial land is obvious on the Earth surface. Nevertheless, it is hardly to observe the entire view of the surface because of the scattering effect (Adams, 1934) and screening effect of the cohesive cloud in the atmosphere. Differences between the earth’s atmosphere and other planetary atmosphere including the presence of oxygen and relatively low carbon dioxide concentration. The atmosphere is extremely important to the biosphere. Without atmosphere, organisms nowadays would probably remain in the simple form or single celled. Furthermore, the ozone layer in the atmosphere absorbs and reflects part of the solar radiation incoming from the sun. This reduction of solar radiation lowers down the atmospheric temperature dramatically which allows organisms to survive. The Earth would not be so unique among the solar system when missing either one of the systems. The Gaia hypothesis links this concept and indicates the Earth is a giant self-regulating system. The interactions of the organisms with their abiotic environments modified the condition of the Earth such as oxygen content and atmospheric temperature, making the Earth more habitable terrestrial planet (Lovelock, 1973). Evolution of the Earth: Allegre and the research team (1995) suggested that the Earth was formed 4. 53 to about 4. 7 Ga. The age range of the earth was estimated by means of a series of isotope dating so the results are relatively valid. The Earth queues the third planet from the sun and its average radius is 6371 km (Lide, 2000). Because of specific distance from the sun and the size, the Earth prevents some of the very light elements, such as hydrogen, from escaping, by gravitational force (Adams, 1934). Moreover, the Earth has a gravitational force of 10 g (Yoder, 1995). Gravitational force is an inconspicuous pull generated from the Earth core. The Earth self-spins once it is formed. The rotation period of the earth is 23 hours and 56 minutes (Gold, 1967). This spinning effect creates centrifugal force which differentiate substances by mass. Heavy metal tends to migrate toward the Earth core and leaving the light materials outside. When time passes, the surface of the earth cools and the first land formed. Although land also appears in other planets such as Mars, the crust of the Earth is different. Interestingly, unlike Mars, the Earth surface is not covered by a concrete sphere but a few tectonic plates. Since the Mars is much smaller than the Earth so the cooling effect of Mars is much faster than the Earth. By now, the crust of the Mars has not been renewed for a certain long period. The plate tectonic moves with three strategies, convergency, divergency and transformation. The movement of the plates driven by the underneath semisolid magma (Courteny, 2008). Surface morphology is determined by the way which the tectonic plates move and density of the plates. Tectonic activities, earthquake, mountain-building, volcanic eruption and subduction zone, are restricted along plate boundaries (Courtery, 2008). Volcanic activities and oceanic subduction are extremely important processes to deliver materials from the inner core and renew surface materials respectively. These recycling processes keep providing accessible resources for the living organisms. Atmosphere and ocean formation was also suggested to be related to volcanic activities (Morbidelli, 2000). Aforementioned that self-spinning of the Earth differentiate substances on Earth. Iron, as a metal that can be magnetized, and with accordingly high atomic mass, moves inward and forms the core. After 60 million years after the late Heavy Bombardment, the magnetic field was established (Staff, 2010). Studies from Karato (1993) implies the magnetic field may relate to the magnetizing properties of iron. No matter how the Earth’s magnetic field was formed, it â€Å"prevents the atmosphere being stripped away by the solar wind† (Staff, 2010). Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the outermost, thin layer enclosing the Earth. The composition of the atmosphere for example, oxygen, is imperative to the evolution of the Earth. The atmosphere of the Earth is comparable to the nearby terrestrial planet such as Mars and Venus. Given that the average distance and the size of Venus from the sun is 3/4 and 4/5 of the Earth, Venus has an atmosphere (Adams, 1934). You read "The Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique" in category "Papers" Spectroscopic studies indicate that the atmosphere of Venus does not show any markings representing the presence of oxygen and water vapour, even if these elements, once, had been appearing on Venus, they were consumed by the crust. Another result in the same spectroscopic concluded that the Venus atmosphere contains a high concentration of carbon dioxide, triggering a sever greenhouse effect (Adams, 1934). In addition to Venus, the Mars with only one tenth by the mass of the Earth also has an atmosphere. Spectrograms studies raised significant markings on ? 8300 and ? 8700 recognizes the appearance of water and carbon dioxide respectively on the Mars atmosphere(Kaplan et. al. , 1964). The presence of water on Mars is obvious with the ice cap present in the polar region of Mars (Adams, 1934). Not surprisingly, oxygen absents in Mars atmosphere and was proofed by the light frequency relative to carbon dioxide was not absorbed by the Mars atmosphere (Kaplan et. al.. 1964). From the example of Venus and Mars, it clearly shows that containing such a high concentration of oxygen, 21%, with extraordinary low carbon dioxide concentration, 0. 03%, as the Earth’s atmosphere is uncommon in the solar system. The composition of the Earth atmosphere provides with evidences that it has been modified by some other factors. This modification, as we know, was conducted by plants. Plants inhale carbon dioxide and exhale free oxygen as a by-product through the process of photosynthesis, inorganic substances were also converted into organic substances during the process (Berkner amp; Marshall, 1965). Free oxygen facilitates the evolution of organisms because high oxygen concentration triggers aerobic respiration, without oxygen, organisms nowadays would probably remain simple (Fenchel amp; Finlay, 1994). Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration not only limit on the requirement of oxygen, the oxidizing power and good electron accepting properties of oxygen boosts energy metabolism (Babcock, 1999). Babcock (1999) also stated that aerobic respiration releases much more ATPs than anaerobic respiration, ATP can be treated as the energy storage unit in organisms. In other words, organisms undergo aerobic respiration can perform more vigorous activities or prolong the duration of the activities. Furthermore, the ozone layer derived from the excess free oxygen incubated a habitable environment for living organisms. The ozone layer with related to energy budget and the effect on human was well examined in Norway (Adams, 1934; Henriksen, 1990). The ozone layer prevents living organisms burnt to death by screening out part of the UV-radiation reaching to the Earth surface. Hydrosphere: By the time when Earth was just formed, water from asteroids,  proto-planets, and  comets was locked in the core. Volcanic extrusion and outgassing brings magma along with dissolved gas and water vapour to the surface respectively. Extruded gas and water vapour suspended in the atmosphere therefore atmospheric pressure continuously increases. Water condenses when the atmospheric vapour pressure is saturated. Water droplets fall onto the ground and ocean formed (Morbidelli, 2000). Liquid water is an advance heat reservior because of having an extremely high specific heat capacity, 4200J/kg/?. This significantly high specific heat capacity, in other words, a large sum of energy can only result in a small extent of changes in temperature of water. The high energy absorption ability combined with the ocean current makes the ocean a good vector for transporting absorbed solar energy and regulating global climate (Michon, 2006). Apart from an excellent thermal reservoir, liquid water is also a good solvent. Gases in the atmosphere and minerals from the hydorthermal vents can easily dissolve into the water. Dissolved gas and minerals has planted a seed to the extensive evolution of life throughout the geological time (Morris, 2007). Biosphere: As we discussed the geosphere, atmosphere and the hydrosphere above, these systems have one thing in common. All the systems are linked with the biosphere. Although other planets in the solar system exhibit either physical feature, mostly not more than two, with Earth. The true uniqueness of the Earth raised from the presents of life which cannot be found on other planets recently. The origin of life is still a hot arguing topic among groups of scientists. However, the hydothermal vent is the most commonly and recently acceptable concepts of the origin of life (Baross amp; Hoffman, 1985). The origin of life via submarine hydrothermal vent hypothesis has not been disproved yet since it was published because there are no other environment on Earth can provide a thermo-stable habitat with abundant minerals supply, for example, nitrogen and sulphur, for life establishment (Baross amp; Hoffman, 1985). Photosynthesis is considered as a key issue of the origin of life (Hartman, 1996). Bacteria record found in western Australia, dated as 3. 5 billion years ago, stated that cyanobacteria may be the first autotrophic organism and responsible for the later atmospheric modification (Awranik, 1992). This key process opens the window of free oxygen, hence considerably boosted the evolution of organisms. The GAIA Hypothesis: Every system discussed above has its own features and contributions within the system boundaries. There is no doubt that every literatures when emphasizing the planet Earth, it can hardly find any paper just put the focus on a single system. The same situation can also be observed in this article. For example, in the discussion part of the origin and development of the atmosphere, the tectonic activities and outgassing processes were mentioned. Moreover, a similar case was obtained when investigating biosphere. Although the whole part is bias towards living organisms, the effect of atmosphere to the biosphere can hardly be eliminated. The above situation is not due to the habit of the authors or the regulations of the publishers but it is the real case of the Earth. All systems on the Earth, including geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere or even self-defined systems, are interdependent. These systems interact with each other to create a more habitable planey. This complex interaction has long been observed by James Lovelock (1973) and explained in the GAIA Hypothesis. GAIA hypothesis suggested early life form achieve some sort of ability to control the global climate and the effect is still active. Lovelock (1972) stated that once the life exist on Earth, the physical environment and the chemical states had resulted a dramatic change. For example, the solar radiation level had increased dramatically since life exists. The Earth surface temperature, nevertheless, has only changed for a few degrees, throughout billion of years, compared to the current temperature. More interestingly, the rate and the extent of temperature change during the past billion years is so slow and mild respectively that the environment always permit the persistence of living organisms or provide long enough time for organisms to adapt. Without life, the atmosphere of the Earth will be similar to that of Mars and Venus. The above example, therefore, proved that the atmosphere we are now breathing is â€Å"biological contrivance† (Lovelock, 1972). The terms â€Å"Spaceship Earth† (Lovelock, 1972) was used to represent the planet where we are living. When astronauts were sent into the space, all the requirements for survival can only obtain from the storage in the spaceship. If either system in the spaceship fails, astronauts will probably die. Conclusion: Doubtlessly, the Earth has many physical environments that absent in other planets. For example, liquid water and living organisms. However, what really makes the Earth rare is the interaction between different functional systems with unknown complexity. These interactions connected to the terminology of the â€Å"Spaceship Earth† meaning the Earth has the ability to self-regulate to adjust its own environmental condition that result in a harmonious giant system. Reference: Awramik, S. M. (1992). The oldest records of photosynthesis. PhotosynthesisResearch 33 (2): 75-89 Claude J. Allegre,  Gerard Manhes,  Christa Gopel, (1995). The age of the Earth. David R. Lide. (2000). Various. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  . 1 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59 (8):1445–1456 Gerald T Babcock. (1999). How oxygen is activated and reduced in respiration. PNAS. 96(23):12971-12973 Henriksen, Thormod, Dahlback, Arne, Larsen, Soren H. H. Moan, Johan. (1990). ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION and SKIN CANCER. EFFECT OF AN OZONE LAYERDEPLETION. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 51 (5):579-582 Hyman Hartman. (1996). Photos ynthesis and the origin of life. Origins of life andevolution of the biosphere. 28:515-521 James E. Lovelock, (1972). Chapter 25: GAIA as seen through the atmosphere. Atmospheric environment. 6 (8):579-580 James E. Lovelock, (1973). Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: thegaia hypothesis. Tellus. 26 (1-2):2-10 John A. Baross amp; Sarah E. Hoffman. (1985). Submarine hydrothermal vents andassociated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life. Origin of life and evolution of the biosphere. 15 (4):327-345 L. V. Berkner amp; L. C. Marshall. (1965). On the origin and rise of oxygen concentrationin the earth’s atmosphere. Journal of the atmospheric science. 22(3):225-261 Lewis D. Kaplan, Guido Munch, Hyron Spinrad (1964). An analysis of the spectrum ofMars. The astrophysical journal. 139 (1): 1-15 Morbidelli, A. et al. (2000). Source regions and time scales for the delivery of waterto Earth. Meteoritics amp; Planetary Science  35  (6): 1309–1320 Morris, Ron M. (2007). Oceanic Processes. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. P. D. Moore. (1983). Plants and the palaeoatmosphere. Journal of the GeologicalSociety of London, 140(1):13-25 Robin M. Canup, (2008). Accretion of the Earth. Philosophical Transactions:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 66:4061-4075 Scott, Michon (2007). Earth’s Big heat Bucket. NASA Earth Observatory Seligman, Courtney (2008). The Structure of the Terrestrial Planets. OnlineAstronomy eText Table of Contents. URL: cseligman. com. Accessed: 6thNovermber,2012 Shun-ichiro Karato. (1993). Inner Core Anisotropy Due to the MagneticField—induced Preferred Orientation of Iron. Science,  262 (5140):1708-1711. Staff. (2010). Oldest measurement of Earth’s magnetic field reveals battle betweenSun and Earth for our atmosphere. Physorgnt. news. T. Gold. (1967). Radio Method for the Precise Measurement of the Rotation Period ofthe Earth. Science. 21 (3786):302-304 Taikan Oki amp; Shinjiro Kanae, (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World WaterResources. Science 313 (1068. ) Tom Fenchel amp; Bland J. Finlay. (1994). The evolution of life without oxygen. Americanscientist. 82 (1):22-29 Walter S. Adams, (1934). The Planets and Their Atmospheres. The Scientific Monthly. 39 (1):5-19 Yoder, Charles F. (1995). Global Earth Physic. A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p. 12 How to cite The Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique, Papers

MRI Imaging Musculoskeltal Assignment - Effective Solution

Questions: 1- Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) can be an indication for MRI of the hip. Define and discuss this condition. 2- Discuss coil selection and describe how you would position a patient for MRI of hips. 3- "Tennis Elbow" is a common indication for elbow MRI. Define and discuss this condition. 4- Discuss coil selection and describe how you would position a patient for MRI of an elbow Answers: 1. Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) can be an indication for MRI of the hip. Define and discuss this condition. Femoroacetabular Impingement or FAI is said to be a condition where the hip bones are unusually shaped (Owens, 2009). As because of the irregular bones, they do not perfectly fit together and hence, rub against one another. This causes injury to the hip joint. This picture represents healthy hip; femoral head sets in perfectly into acetabulum; source: Basically, the hip anatomy is made up of a ball and socket joint. The socket potion is made up of acetabulum, the part of largest pevis bone. The ball is mainly the thighbone or femoral head that is the upper area of femur. A greasy tissue, articluar cartilage cover ups the ball and socket surface. The articluar cartilage creates a low friction and smooth surface, which helps the hip bones to easily move smoothly across one another. The acetabulum is looped by labrum, a strong fibrocartilage. The labrum practically works as a mechanical seal, a tight seal that gives joint stability. This picture illustrates comparison among different states of FAI; source: (Hessel, 2014). In case of femoroacetabular impingement, bone spurs form along the acetabulum or femoral head. The overgrowth of bone causes hip bones to knock against one another and cannot move smoothly (Pun, Kumar Lane, 2014). Eventually, this condition can give rise to the ripping of labrum and articular cartilage breakdown, which is also termed as osteoarthritis. Types of FAI There are mainly three types of FAI, medically termed as cam, pincer and combined impingement. Cam: In case of cam, the femoral head is malformed and failed to rotate smoothly inside acetabulum. A bulge appears on the boundary of femoral head and this appearance crushes the cartilage insde acetabulum. Pincer: This type of condition arises because of extension of an extra bone over normal acetabulum rim. This situation can crush labrum beneath the prominent rim of acetabulum. Combined: In this type of impingement both can and pincer types are visible. FAI progression Currently it is quite difficult to statistically present the data of FAI affected individuals. Few people may survive for a longer period of time, actively with FAI and may never face any complications. Nevertheless, while indications develop it generally shows that damage is present to the labrum or cartilage and subsequently the illness is expected to progress. Indications may include limping, stiffness and pain. Causes of FAI FAI takes place as hip bones fail to form usually during childhood. It is considered as the malformation of a pincer or cam bone spur or both the condition together, which causes joint pain and damage. It is said that when hip bones are abnormally shaped, there will be few options left to avoid this condition. Researchers have seen that athletically active individual may utilize their hip joint more dynamically. They may start to feel the pain prior than those individuals who are not much active. Nevertheless, exercises do not cause FAI. Symptoms of FAI FAI affected individuals generally suffer from pain within the groin region, through pain can be sometimes felt towards the exterior part of the hip. Sharp and stabbing sensation of pain may initiate with squatting, twisting and turning but occasionally it is merely a dull sensation. Diagnosis of FAI Impingement test Initially the physician prefers to check the primary indication by conducting impingement test. During this examination, the knees are brought up to the chest and rotate inwards towards opposite the shoulders. If this rotation created pain in the hip, the result indicates positive signs for impingement test. Imaging test Imaging tests include x-rays, MRI and CT scans. MRI is considered as the best imaging test, as this can create better images of flexible tissues. By this test physicians find damages to the articular cartilage and labrum area. To make the image more prominent, dyes are injected into the joint areas. Or else, numbing medicines are also injected into the joints. These medicines give pain relief for certain period of time and confirm that femoroacetabular impingement is a complication. Treatment of FAI Treatment includes surgical and non-surgical interventions. Activity changes, physical therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs come under non-surgical interventions. Such as: ibuprofen helps to reduce inflammation and pain. Incisions to treat FAI; source: (Palmer et al., 2014) Many femoroacetabular impingement complications are treated with surgical treatment. For example: arthroscopic techniques are performed with little incisions and light instruments. According to the American Society for Sports Medicine, surgeries can diminish indications successfully caused by impingement. Correcting this problem can stop further damage to the joints of the hip region (Amssm.org, 2015). Nevertheless, all the damage cannot be corrected with surgeries, particularly if management has been postponed and injury is severe. Therefore, recently, surgeries are considered as the best way to manage painful femoroacetabular impingement. 2. Coil selection Multipurpose phased array coil; source: (Moller Reif, 2010) Shoulder coil; source: (Moller Reif, 2010). Characterizing anatomical borders for MRI offers means of verifying the inclusion regions when selecting a proper radiofrequency coil and developing a pulse sequence. Inidivual imaging coil has particular specified view field, which need to be considered by radiographer, while choosing a proper device. Different coils are structured with a typical function in mind, but are commonly adapted in medical imaging purpose of more than one area of the system. Multipurpose phased array coil is probably the best for imaging purpose for joints, like hip and elbow region (Petchprapa, Dunham, Lattanzi Recht, 2013). Not only that, shoulder coils may also be used for hip joint imaging. MRI of hip joints is considered as the most hopeful and rapidly developing methods of contemporary diagnostics. The doctors can investigate the pathological and structural changes and also evaluate pathophysiological and physico-chemical processes of hip joints all together or as individual structures. For hips, a dedicated phrased array hip coil or phased array cardiac coil or phased array torso coil is good to use. If signal to noise ratio is not satisfactory with torso coil, then using a flex wrap coil is always recommendable (Orbach et al., 2006). The view field needs to be adequate to resolve acetabular roof and articular cartilage of femoral head. In case an extra Matrix or NEX is needed for proper SNR on 3small field of view (FOV) sequences through affected if, then the radiographer should perform so, even though this process adds additional times. The coronal stir needs to be a rapid sequence; the slice thickness and resolution need to be accustomed to save some time. It is uncomfortable for a patient if the examination duration increases. Therefore, the capacity to combine parts for multi-region imaging amplifies the efficacy of each coil modules, and this makes the imaging technique of different pathologies or medical indications less burdensome for the radiographers and reduces the time of examinations. Supine position; source: (Rengle et al., 2009) Decubitus position; source: (Rengle et al., 2009) A radiologist may position a patient for in certain postures and coil will be used around the region of interest. This should be exact, as it provides doctors with an outstanding examination. Sometimes the radiographers may ask a patient to lie in a particular position which is not comfortable for him/her. If a patient is feeling complications with a particular position requested, then the patient should convey the same to the radiographer prior starting the assessment. The radiographer may adjust the patient to a comfortable position, so that he/she can examine the patient properly. A proper position of a patient for hip MRI should be the following: supine-feet first (Bright, 2009). This position is helpful to wrap or tape the feet together to diminish the leg movement. If coils are appropriate for bodys imaging, they may be applied when patient illness put limitations on conventional positioning. For example: if a patient is incapable to lying in supine position, the patient may be tter bear the technique when asked to lie in a decubitus position and examined applying a coil. 3. Tennis elbow is said to be a condition where the external parts of elbows become tender and painful. Tennis elbow is also termed as lateral epicondylitis. The external parts of elbows are known as lateral epicondyle. In this condition a chronic or acute inflammation may take place in the joint tendons within the muscles of forearms on the external part of the elbows (Mellor, 2003). The tendons and forearm muscles become injured from over repetitive use, which means repeating the same motions frequently. The tenderness, pain and inflammation on the external parts of elbows are because of the over repetitive motions of the forearm. Causes of tennis elbow Tennis elbow; source: (Jones, 2009) As it is mentioned earlier, tennis elbow is caused by overuse injury. It happens when the tendons and muscles of the forearms are strained because of strenuous or repetitive activity. Not only this, this condition may take place after knocking or banging the elbows. If the tendons or muscles are stressed, tiny inflammation and tars can develop near to the bony lump on the exterior region of the elbows. Activities that can cause tennis elbow include: playing squash, badminton or tennis; throwing sports, like: discus or javelin; application of shears while gardening; application of roller or paintbrush while decorating; bricklaying or plumbing; activities, which includes wrist and hand movements, like: typing or using scissors and other works that include repeated elbow movement, like: playing violin. Researchers have shown that the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle contributes greatly in this condition (Sasaki et al., 2011). Trauma, for example: direct blows to epicondyle, sudden forceful extension of pull are responsible mainly for these injuries. Playing tennis in a wrong way may initiate the condition of tennis elbow early, as shock is acquired while a player misses a hit. Mostly individual of 30-50years of age are affected with tennis elbow, through anybody can get affected with tennis elbow, if they have the possible risk factors. Macroscopic and microscopic tears between the periosteum area of lateral humeral epicondyle and the extensor tendon are the main pathological changes, occur during this condition. Radial nerves are significantly associated with this condition. In this condition radial nerves constrictions may take place by sticking to the short extensor muscle and radiohumeral joint of the wrist. Calcification of bicipital tendinitis, rotator cuff and carpal tunnel syndrome can increase the possibility of tennis elbow. Symptoms of tennis elbow Pain location in lateral epicondylitis; source: In this case, generally pain slowly increases around the exterior part of the elbow and very less it is seen that pain develops all of a sudden. Pain is worst while squeezing any object, shaking hands, moving wrist with force, such as: using tools, lifting, opening jars, application of fork, knife or toothbrush. It weakens the grip strengths. Diagnosis of tennis elbow Doctor generally considers different factors while making an analysis. These include how the indications developed, work-related risk factors and sports participation. Imaging tests include x-rays, MRI and EMG. Electormyography or EMG is performed to exclude nerve compression. If a physician assumed that he pain is associated with neck problem, an MRI scan is recommended to check for a possibility of arthritis or herniated disk in the neck. Both these conditions may produce pain in the arm (Chiang, Hsieh Lew, 2012). X-ray is generally performed to exclude the condition of elbow arthritis. Treatment of tennis elbow Non-surgical: steroid injections can be administered in this condition, for example: cortisone is very efficient as anti-inflammatory drugs. However, another option is extracorporeal shock wave therapy, where it sends sound waves towards the elbow and creates microtrauma, which induce the systems natural healing pathways (Hughes, 2010). This technique is still in its infancy. Physical therapy includes exercises for improvingthe muscle strength of forearms. Therapist may perform ice massage, ultrasound or other associated muscle stimulating techniques to develop muscle healing. Surgical: if non-surgical treatments do not respond well, then a physician mostly recommend a patient for surgical treatment. This includes open surgery and arthroscopic surgery. Open surgery is considered as the most common approach. This includes performing an incision over elbow. After surgical treatment arm may be temporarily immobilized with splint. After a week the splint and sutures are removed (Larsen, 2012). Researchers have suggested that, with surgical invention various complications may have raised, and almost 80-95% patients showed successful response with non-surgical therapies. 4. 5-inch wraparound coil; A-represents General Electrical flex receive-only coil and B-represents elbow position; source: (Kaplan Potter, 2004). The attainment of standard MRI images of elbow is tough by various factors, which includes complication in patient positioning, lack of dedicated elbow coils and lower signal to noise ratio at the off-center magnate. Elbow imaging can be taken side-wise or by placing the patient in superman position. 5-inch wraparound coil is good for imaging elbow (Teh, 2007). This type of coils are versatile and help in visualization of articulation, comprising distal biceps tendon attachment to radial tuberosity, containing different variety of elbow sizes. Images of elbows, which are obtained in flexed position, necessitate the application of surface coils. Picture A, B and C shows patient positions for elbow imaging; source: (Subramanya Herald, 2014). Picture A shows elbow phased array coils and B shows larger phased array coils; source: (Subramanya Herald, 2014). Elbows are complicated joints and commonly injured areas. Assessment of the elbows by MRI is considered as an important option to medical examination. In case of elbow imaging, it should be carried out in three planes. This is because certain structures are finely observed in a particular plane that means: ligaments in coronal, bicep tendons in sagittal and nerves in axial plane. The sequence choice differs by organization and need to include proton density weight sequences and non-fat saturate T1or tiny tau inversion improvement sequences that are crucial for potential bone injury evaluation. Patient positioning is considered as the most important part with MRI. The available coil types, support limitations, size of the patient and medical status may contribute to the suboptimal assessments, especially within the upper extremities. The incarcerating nature of mainly high field MRIs, excluding extremity and open systems, diminishes positioning options, typically for obese patients. I maging can be achieved with lower field strength and the currently applicable field strengths for elbow MRIs are 1.5T units and 3.0T units. Patients are mostly placed in supine position with extended elbow, supinated forearm and arm at the sides. Contralateral arm is sometimes placed above head to develop centering of elbow (Seay, Hasselquist Bensel, 2011). But in this type of position, patients sometimes feel uncomfortable. Hence, a dictated circumferential coil can be applied in this situation. Larger phased array coil is preferable for analyzing larger regions, for example: elbow alone or elbow with forearm. References Amssm.org,. (2015).American medical society for sports medicine - AMSSM. Retrieved 22 March 2015, from https://www.amssm.org/ Bright, A. (2009).Planning and Positioning in MRI. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Chiang, Y., Hsieh, S., Lew, H. (2012). The Role of Ultrasonography in the Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Tennis Elbow.American Journal Of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation,91(1), 94-95. doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e31823caf7f Hessel, J. (2014). Femoroacetabular Impingement in Athletes.Orthopaedic Nursing,33(3), 137-139. doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000000045 Hughes, N. (2010).The effects of elbow manipulation combined with dry needling compared to manipulation combined with cross friction in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Jones, V. (2009). Physiotherapy in the management of tennis elbow: a review.Shoulder Elbow,1(2), 108-113. doi:10.1111/j.1758-5740.2009.00023.x Kaplan, L., Potter, H. (2004). MR imaging of ligament injuries to the elbow.Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics Of North America,12(2), 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2004.02.006 Larsen, L. (2012).Sports injuries sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. Mellor, S. (2003). Treatment of tennis elbow: the evidence.BMJ,327(7410), 330-330. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7410.330 Moller, T., Reif, E. (2010).MRI parameters and positioning. Stuttgart: Thieme. Orbach, D., Wu, C., Law, M., Babb, J., Lee, R., Padua, A., Knopp, E. (2006). Comparing real-world advantages for the clinical neuroradiologist between a high field (3 T), a phased array (1.5 T) vs. a single-channel 1.5-T MR system.Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,24(1), 16-24. doi:10.1002/jmri.20612 Owens, B. (2009). Femoroacetabular Impingement.Orthopedics,32(3), 158-158. doi:10.3928/01477447-20090301-22 Palmer, A., Ayyar-Gupta, V., Dutton, S., Rombach, I., Cooper, C., Pollard, T. et al. (2014). Protocol for the Femoroacetabular Impingement Trial (FAIT): a multi-centre randomised controlled trial comparing surgical and non-surgical management of femoroacetabular impingement.Bone And Joint Research,3(11), 321-327. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.311.2000336 Petchprapa, C., Dunham, K., Lattanzi, R., Recht, M. (2013). Demystifying Radial Imaging of the Hip.Radiographics,33(3), E97-E112. doi:10.1148/rg.333125030 Pun, S., Kumar, D., Lane, N. (2014). Review: Femoroacetabular Impingement.Arthritis Rheumatology,67(1), 17-27. doi:10.1002/art.38887 Rengle, A., Armenean, M., Bolbos, R., Goebel, J., Pinzano-Watrin, A., Saint-Jalmes, H. et al. (2009). A Dedicated Two-Channel Phased-Array Receiver Coil for High-Resolution MRI of the Rat Knee Cartilage at 7 T.IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering,56(12), 2891-2897. doi:10.1109/tbme.2008.2006015 Sasaki, K., Tamakawa, M., Onda, K., Iba, K., Sonoda, T., Yamashita, T., Wada, T. (2011). The detection of the capsular tear at the undersurface of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon in chronic tennis elbow: the value of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography.Journal Of Shoulder And Elbow Surgery,20(3), 420-425. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.12.002 Seay, J., Hasselquist, L., Bensel, C. (2011). Carrying a rifle with both hands affects upper body transverse plane kinematics and pelvistrunk coordination.Ergonomics,54(2), 187-196. doi:10.1080/00140139.2010.538726 Subramanya, S., Herald, J. (2014). Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty With Patient-specific Glenoid Implant Positioning Guides.Techniques In Shoulder Elbow Surgery,15(4), 122-129. doi:10.1097/bte.0000000000000035 Teh, J. (2007). Imaging of the elbow.Imaging,19(3), 220-233. doi:10.1259/imaging/56624048

Hypertension Massage Indication or Contradiction

Question: Discuss about the Hypertension for Massage Indication or Contradiction. Answer: Introduction: Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure. The patients of hypertension who are willing to take massage therapy must understand the following effects of massage: Stimulation of certain receptors that result in vasodilation which eventually reduce blood pressure. Relaxation massage is more useful rather than deep tissue or other massage as the latter tend to increase the blood circulation. It has been shown to reduce both the diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The best advantages of massage for postural stress and muscle strength include relaxation of the muscles that have been contracted in the back region, restoring appropriate movement by releasing pain by lengthening the muscles in chest and front of the neck and increasing body flexibility by improving the blood circulation that provides relaxation (John, 2016). There term social responsibility in terms of sustainable practice can be defined as process that voluntarily integrates the environmental and social concerns into the processes or functioning of the organization (Robert, 2009). This is a way through which the organizations tend to perform the sustainable practices that do not harm the environment or disrespect the social norms. The major impacts of massage business over the environment include usage of non-biodegradable products that increase the wastage, more electricity usage for running electrical appliances and over usage of paper for printing bills, writing notes, etc. The best ways to lower the potential threats of massage parlours on the environment include the usage of biodegradable laundry powders for washing the linens and using energy-efficient bulbs or natural light whenever possible to save the electricity (Sam, 2009). The two best strategies to check the viability of any business before putting your footsteps into it in order to prevent any kind of losses are: Identification of the competitors in the market and the services that they are providing to their customers. Analysis of the needs of customers that are not met at the persisting massage clinics so that they can be incorporated at your massage clinic. As a massage therapist, it is essential to take appropriate rest after completing the shifts because it becomes very tiring to give massages to the people. Apart from this, it is important to perform some physical exercise like yoga and also do some meditation to keep the mind peaceful so that one can deal with all kinds of customers with ease. The advantages of being employed by a business as massage therapist More exposure due to more clients Opportunity to meet experts who are in the profession for long time More learning experience The disadvantages of being employed by a business as a massage therapist include: Lower wages Hectic schedules No freedom of choice The advantages of working in your own practice: More financial benefits Complete freedom of working hours and other things No need of reporting to any other person The disadvantage of working in your own practice Less customers (particularly in initial stages) More responsibility of customers as well employees Less opportunity of learning from seniors in the profession I want to pursue this career because it has a higher scope as people are now going towards the natural ways of healing their health issues. I particularly like to deal with the clients who suffer from after effects of weight loss and pregnancy. I would first like to learn from an established firm and then plan to start my own business. To achieve my goals, I need to first find an appropriate massage clinic where I can gain experience then I would build some financial support to start my business. The only limiting factor in achieving my goal is to identify the most potential market where I can start my business and where there is less competition. The benefits or registration with professional organisation for massage therapist include professional support and assistance, enhancement in the experience that is more accountable around the globe and chance to learn developed techniques that might not be taught during the studies Aspects of code of conduct for the AAMT include wellbeing of client is the priority in treatment decision; maintenance of confidentiality between therapist and client; conducting practices according to the acceptable professional manner as per standards of practice and other laws; no false presentation of qualifications and experiences to clients; and upholding with the rules and regulations of AAMT (The AAMT Code, 2014) Massage therapy is a learning profession wherein some new developments occur every now and then. It is vital for a massage therapist to continue their professional education after their initial qualifications so that they get better equipped with practical applicability of their learning. Reference List Cutler, N. (2007, January 18). Hypertension: Massage Indication or Contradiction? Retrieved from https://www.integrativehealthcare.org/mt/archives/2007/01/hypertension_ma.html Pojasek, R. (2009, August 25). Sustainability or Social Responsibility Whats in the Name? Retrieved from https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2009/08/25/sustainability-or-social-responsibility-whats-name Stamoulos, J. (2016, July 15). How Massage can Improve Posture? Retrieved from https://www.somaticservices.com/2016/07/15/how-massage-can-improve-posture/ Steven, S. (2009, May 24). Sustainable Massage Practice. Retrieved from https://sjsteven.blogspot.in/2009/05/sustainable-massage-practice.html The AAMT Code. (2014). Retrieved from https://massagemyotherapy.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Code-of-Ethics-and-Standard-of-Practise.pdf